SAT Beginner - smart.fm の例文で見つけた、めったにお目にかかれない英語の単語、または語源が興味深いもの。正確な記述であることは保証しない。

Here are Englilsh words listed on SAT Beginner - smart.fm. You know, you rarely run into some of these words. They are thrilling with regard to Indo-European etymology. The notes written here might not be correct. Encode characters on EUC-JP if they've got garbled.

wordetymologybrothers and sisters
advocate - 主唱者, 支持者 ad = for, forward
vocate = voice, to call
どこかに向かって声をあげる人
vocal, vocabulary, vocation, provoke, revoke, equivocal
auditor - 監査人, 聴講生 aud = to hear audio, auditorium
conjunction - 連結, 合同 con = with
junction = joint
 
bias - 偏見, えこひいき bias = slant  
diverse - 多様 di = apart
verse = to turn, change
離れた別の方向を向く
verse, version, versatile, advertise, anniversary, conversation, convert, divorce, reverse, universe
commodity - 物資, 産物 com = together, with
mod = manner
共に様式を備えたもの
mode, model, modest, modern, modify
tempt - 誘惑, そそのかす, ためす Old English, to try attempt
arouse - 目を覚まさせる a = (intensive prefix)  
submission, submit - 服従, 従順 sub = under
mit = to throw, send
下のほうに投げる
missile, message, commit, intermission, omit, permit, promise, transmit
conviction - 説得, 有罪判決, 確信 con = thoroughly
vict = to conquer
完全に征服する
victor, victory, convince
convey - 伝達, 運ぶ con = together, with
vey = way
via, voyage, convoy, invoice, previous
pursue, pursuit - 追求, 追跡, 続行 pur = forth, forward, before
su = to follow
sequence, consequence, execute, suit, suite
sacred - 神聖 Middle English "sacren" (to consecrate)
Anglo-French "sacrer"
Latin "sacrare"
sacrifice, sacrament, sanction, sanctuary, saint
compliance, comply - 遵守, 追従 com = with, together
ply = to fill, full
plenty, amplify, complete, supply, accomplish, complement
aspiration - 大志, 志望 a = ad = to
spir = to breathe
何かに向かって気を吐く
spirit, conspire, expire, inspire
competent - 有能 com = with, together
pet = to fly, seek
appetite, compete, repeat
decisive - 確固 de = off
cide = to cut
decide, concise, precise, suicide
disgust - 嫌悪 dis = apart
gust = to taste
 
retrieve - 回収, 回復, 探して持ってくる re = again
trieve = trouver = to find
 
concession, concede - 譲歩 con = with, together
cede = to go, come
共に向かう
access, exceed, excess, intercession, precede, proceed, process, recession, succeed
formidable - fear, terror, dread, 手ごわい, 恐るべき Middle French  
opponent - 敵対者 op = ob = against
ponent = to put, settle
postpone, component, compound
sheer - bright, clear, complete, 純然, 透き通る Old Norse  
coherent - 明瞭, 筋が通る co = with, together
herent = to stick
共に密着して結びつく
hesitate, inhere
arbitrary - 任意, 独断 arbit = judge?  
ambiguous - 紛らわしい, 曖昧 amb = about, around, on both side
igu = to drive
ambition
peripheral - 周囲, 周辺 peri = around, round, about
pher = to carry
periscope, period
denounce - 非難 de = down
nounce = to report
announce, rennounce
ramble - 漫然, とりとめのない動き Middle English "ramblen" (to roam)  
affinity - 親近, 密接 af = ad = to, at, for
fin = final
 
articulate - 明瞭 Latin "articulatus" (joint) article
inflict - 負わせる in = upon
flict = to strike
conflict, afflict
allegiance - 忠誠, 献身 al = ad = to
leg = law
 
assay - 検査, 分析 essay = essai = trial, attempt essay
preside - 管理, 主宰 pre = before
side = to sit
前の席に座る
president, resident, session, assess, posess, consult
humble - 謙虚, 身分が低い hum = ground humiliate (to make sb feel ashamed or stupid and lose the respect of other people)
apprentice - 見習い ap = ad = to
prentice = to catch, hold
徒弟として捕らえておく?
prison, comprehend, prize, apprehend, enterprise
cumulative - 増加, 累積 cumulus = a pile of sth not arranged well  
demise - 死亡, 消滅, 譲与 de = away
mise = to send, throw
missile, mission, message, admit, commit, omit, permit, submit, transmit
novice - 初心者, 未熟者 relation to "new, novus, nova"  
swift - 素早い, to move quickly Old English  
famine - 飢饉 fames = hunger  
dubious - 半信半疑 dub = double, two
2つの方向に動く
doubt, double
paradigm - 判例, 典型 para = beside, beyond, against, contrary
digm = to show
paradox, paragraph, parasol, parallel, parasite, parody
sinister - 不吉, 邪悪 Old French "sinistre" (contrary, unfavorable, to the left)?  
coronation - 戴冠, 即位 corona = crown  
mural - 壁, 壁画 Latin "muralis".  
cultivate - 耕す, 育てる Middle Latin "cultivatus" culture, agriculture, colony
punitive - 罰 pun = to punish punishment, penalty
preclude - 排除, 防止 pre = before
clude = to shut
前もって遮断する
conclude, include, exclude
diversion - 気をそらすこと, 娯楽, まぎらわし, 牽制 di = apart
vers = to turn
advertise, conversation, universe
latent - 潜在 Latin "latentem" (be hidden).  
suffice - 足りる, 満足 suf = under
fice = to make, do
fact, facility, effect, infect, perfect, efficient, profit, office, affair, feature
curator - 園長, 管理者 cure = to take care accurate, cure, curious, secure
exacerbate - 悪化 ex = fully
acerb = sharp, tip
acute, acrobat, acronym
discrepancy - 不一致 dis = apart
crepare = to crack, rattle
 
legion - 多数, body of soldiers leg = to gather, choose, read elegant (chosen), intelligent (chosen from two), legend (to be read), lecture, collect, select, elect, intellect
finite - 有限 fin = to end fine, final, finish, finance, define
ratify - 批准, 承認 rat = to calculate, settle reason, ratio, rate, reason
devastate - 荒廃, 打ちのめす de = fully
vast = waste
 
tangible - 有形, 具体的 tang = to touch
触れることのできる具体的なもの
tactics, contact, integer, attain
implicate - 巻き込む im = in
pli = to fold
apply, imply, reply, replica, complicate, complex, exploit, display, employ, simple, duplicate, diploma, diplomacy, triple, multiple
commend - 賞賛 mend = to order, entrust recommend, command
alleviate - 緩和 lev = light, to raise lever, elevate, relevant, relieve
catalyst - 触媒 Greek "katalyein" (to dissolve)  
turmoil - 大混乱, 動揺 Perhaps an alteration of Middle French "tremouille" (mill hopper)  
menace - 威嚇, 脅威 Old French, Latin "menecia"  
paramount - 最高 para = per = by, to the hill
mount = up
 
efficacy - 効力 ef = out
fic = to make, do
suffice, fact, facility, effect, infect, perfect, efficient, profit, office, affair, feature
defiance - 抵抗, 挑戦 de = apart
fi = to trust
fidelity, faith, confident
volatile - 揮発性, 不安定 French, Latin "volatilis"
Relation to "volcano"?
 
defuse - 信管を抜く, 鎮める de = away  
truce - 停戦 Middle English "trewes", plural of "trewe" (agreement).
Old English "trēow" (fidelity).
 
relinquish - あきらめる, give up re = back
linquish = to leave
 
augment - 増大 aug = to increase, make to grow auction, author, authentic
stringent - 厳格 string = to draw tight strain, straight, strict, stretch, district, restrict
qualify - to invest with a quality, 資質, 資格を得る(与える) Relation to "quality". quality
parole - 仮出所, word of honor French "parole" (word, speech)  
discern - 識別 dis = apart
cern = to separate
concern, secret
contentious - 好戦的 Adjective of "contend" (to fight, compete)  
endow - 授ける en = on
dow = to give
donate, pardon
cerebral - 知的 Relation to "cerebrum" (brain)  
canine - 犬 Originally means "pointed teeth".  
remuneration - 報酬 re = back
munerate = to give
 
benign - 温和 Old French "benigne".  
barrage - 弾幕, 続出, 連発 Old French "barre" bar, barricade, barrier, embarrass
immaculate - 無傷, 完璧 im = in = not
maculate = to be spotted
 
indispensable - 不可欠 in = not
dis = apart
pens = to hang, weigh
pendant, pending, expense, suspend, pension
eradicate - 根絶 e = ex = out
radi = root
根こそぎ引きずり出す
radical, radish
conformity - 服従, 従順 con = together
form = to form
 
remand - 差し戻す re = back
mand = to order, entrust
command, commend, demand, recommend
assimilate - 同化 as = ad = to
simil = like, same
similar, simulate, assemble, resemble
abduct - 拉致 ab = away
duce = to lead
conduct, educate, introduce, produce, reduce
peril - 危険 peri = to go through
危険なところを通り抜ける, 経験する
expert, experiment, experience
adorn - 飾る, 引き立たせる ad = to
orn = to furnish
ornate
compelling, compel - 人をひきつける, 説得力がある, 余儀なくさせる com = with
pel = to drive
compulsion, propel, appeal, pulse, impulse
anecdote - 逸話 an = not
ec = out
dot = to give
表に出てこなかった話
donate, endow
procure - 調達, 売春婦斡旋 pro = for, forth, in behalf of
cure = to take care
accurate, cure, curator, secure
compulsion - 衝動, 強制 com = with
puls = to drive
impulse, compel, propel, appeal, pulse
dissident - 反対者 dis = apart
sid = to sit
assessment, session, resident, president, possess, subsidiary, exile
barren - 不毛 From Anglo-French? Celtic origin?  
indignation - 憤慨 in = not
dign = worthy
価値がないものに対する感情
dignity, dignify
wrench - ねじるもぎ取る Old English  
thief - 泥棒 Old English  
innate - 先天的 nat = born nature, nation, naive
cadet - 士官候補生 et = little  
prolific Proto-Indo-European "pro-al-"
pro = for, forth, in behalf of
al = to grow, nourish
 
transcend - 超越 trans = beyond
scend = to climb
ascend, scan, scale, escalate
haste - 迅速 Middle English  
postulate - 要求, 主張 Latin "postulatus".
Sanskrit origin?
 
relegate - 追放, 左遷 re = back, away
leg = to appoint, send
招いていたものを送り返す
legacy, delegate
affluent - 裕福 af = ad = to
flu = to flow
水が豊かに流れる
fluent, fluid, influence, influenza
treacherous - 裏切り, 不誠実 Old French  
vengeance - 報復, 復讐 venge = to punish revenge
engender - ひきおこす, 発生させる en = in, into
gender = to generate
Relation to "gender"?
 
expatriate - 国外追放, 海外在住者 ex = out
patriate = father
父なる祖国から出る
patriot, patron
propagate - 繁殖 pro = for, forth, in behalf of
pagate = to fasten
propaganda
bolster - 支持, 励ます Old English  
impede - 邪魔する im = in, into
pede = foot
足手まといになる
pedal, pedestrian
rogue - いたずらっ子 Thieves' slang? From Latin "rogare" (to ask)?  
ubiquitous - 遍在 ubi = where
qui = any, also, every
 
malignant - 悪性 mal = badly, ill malicious, malware
tumor - 腫瘍 Latin "tumere" (to swell)  
adversary - 対戦相手 ad = to
vers = to turn
向かい合う相手
version, advertise, diversion, conversation, vertical, universe
abide - とどまる Old English  
hue - 色彩 Old English  
futile - 無駄 fut = to pour
こぼすから無駄になる
confuse, refuse
provocative, provoke - 刺激, 挑発, 誘発 pro = for, forth, in behalf of
voke = to call
vocal, vocabulary, vocation, provoke, revoke
hypocrisy - 見せかけ hypo = under
Greek "hypokrisis" (acting on the stage)
 
hegemony - 主導権 Greek "hegemonia" (leadership)  
conspire - 共謀 con = together
spir = to breathe
息を合わせて謀る
spirit, aspiration, expire, inspire
complacency - 無頓着, 現状に満足 com = wholly
place = to please
 
defeat - 打ち負かす de = down
feat = to make, do
manufacture, affect, infect, effect, perfect, magnificent, office, feature
pretense, pretence, pretend - 見せかけ, 装う, 熱望 pre = before
tend = to stretch
tend, tent, tender, attend, contend, extend, intend
inflate - 膨張, 増長 in = in, into
flate = to blow
 
grandeur - 壮大, 威厳   grand
sporadic - 揮発性, 散発的 spora = seed, spore (胞子)
Middle Latin "sporadicus" (scattered)
spore
wrath - 激怒 Old English
Adjective "wroth"
 
contain - 封じ込める, 含む con = with
tain = to hold, keep
content, continue, tenant, tenor, entertain (enter = among, within), maintain (main = manus = hand), obtain (ob = near), retain (re = back), sustain = (sus = sups = up)
afflict - 苦しめる af = ad = to
flict = to strike
conflict, inflict
atrocity - ひどいもの, 残虐行為 Latin "atrocitatem" (cruelty)
Proto-Indo-European origin.
 
obsolete - 時代遅れ ob = against
sol = solere (to be accustomed)
 
ominous - 不吉, 悪い兆しがある Relation to "omen"  
salient - 顕著, 突出, 噴出 sal = to leap salmon, assault, result, insult
arid - 乾燥 Latin "aredere" (to burn)  
covert - 内密 Relation to "cover"
Old French
 
divergence - 逸脱, 分岐 di = apart
verge = to incline, turn, bend
 
myriad - 無数 Middle French "myriade"
Late Latin "myriadis" (ten thousand)
 
zeal - 熱意 Relation to jealousy
Late Latin "zelus".
 
thrive - 成功, 繁茂 Old Norse  
combustion - 燃焼 com = wholly
Old French "combustion"
 
amenable - 従順 a = ad = to
men = to lead
Relation to Hebrew "amen"?
 
yearn - 切望 Old English "geornan, giernan, giorna"  
fraught - 重荷を背負う, 緊張, 不安 Middle English "fraughten" (to load a ship with cargo), "fraght" (cargo, lading of a ship)  
remedial, remedy - 治療, 矯正 re = (intensive prefix)
medi = to heal
medical
blatant, blat = 騒々しい, 露骨 Latin? or devided from "blead"?  
ornate - けばけばしく飾り立てる orn = to furnish
Latin "ornatus" (adorned)
adorn
incumbent - 義務, 寄りかかる, 現職 in = into, in
cumb = to lie down
Middle Latin "incumbentem" (holder of a church position)
 
defer - 延長, 先延ばし de = dis = apart
fer = to carry, bear
ferry, fertile, conference, differ, offer, prefer, refer, suffer, transfer
defer, deference - 服従, 敬意 de = under
fer = to carry, bear
人の下で耐える
ferry, fertile, conference, differ, offer, prefer, refer, suffer, transfer
terrestrial - この世, 地球 terr = earth terrace, territory, Mediterranean
liturgy - 礼拝, 典礼文 Middle French "liturgie", Late Latin "liturgia" (public service, public worship)  
alloy - 合金 al = ad = to
loy = to bind
league, oblige, rally, alliance, liability
culmination, culminate - 最高点, 成就, 達する Late Latin "culminatus, culmin, culmen" (to crown, peak, summit)
column
devious - ずるい, 本来の道を外れる, 曲がりくねった, ひねくれた de = away
vi = way
via, voyage, convoy, invoice, previous, convey
ritual - 儀式, 日常茶飯事 Latin "ritualis"  
endemic - 地方や民族特有 en = in
dem = people
democratic, epidemic
disparate - 異種 dis = apart
parare = to get ready
Meaning influenced by Latin "dispar" (unequal, unlike)?
prepare, repair, separate
austere - 厳格, 禁欲的 Latin "austerus" (severe, harsh)  
nerve - 勇気づける
unnerve, unnerving - おじけさせる, 狼狽
Latin "nervus"  
malnutrition - 栄養不良 mal = badly
nutrition = Latin "nutritionem"
nourish, nurse
boon - 恩恵 bene (contrary to "male", "mal") = well, good benefit, bonus, bounty
impinge - 侵害, 衝突 im = in
pinge = pangere = to fix, fasten
impact, compact
ceaseless - 絶え間ない cease = to go slow, delay
less = vain
絶えず行く
Old French "cesser", Latin "cessare"
 
heed - 注意 Old English  
mitigate - 軽減 Latin "mitigare" (to soften)  
limb - 四肢, 突出部 Middle English "lim"  
meticulous - 細心を払う Latin "meticulosus" (fearful, timid, full of fear)  
obliterate - 抹消 ob = against
liter = littera = letter
 
amiable - 気立ての良い am = to love amateur, enemy
espouse - 採用, 支持, 妻にする Middle English from Anglo-French "espuser", from Late Latin "sponsare", from Latin "sponsus" spose (wife or husband), sponsor
practice - 習慣, 慣例 to do, act, perform habitually
Old French "practiser"
 
dormant - 休眠 dormir = to sleep dormitory
anomalous - 変則 Latin "anomalus", Greek "anōmalos" (uneven)
an = not
omalus = homalos = homos
 
discursive - 散漫 dis = apart
currere = to run
discourse, course, current, cursor, occur, curriculum
infamous - 悪名高い, 不名誉 in = not
fam = to speak, talk
fame, infant, fatal
waning - 徐々に弱まる Proto-Germanic "wanojanan" vain
poignant - 心を打つような, 心に突き刺さる Latin "pungere" (to prick, sting) punch, point, punctual
concise - 簡潔 con = with
cise = to cut
decide, suicide
enigmatic - 不可解 Latin "ænigma" (riddle) enigma (known as to Nazi Germany before and during World War II)
veer - 進路変更, 方向転換 Middle English "veren"
Low German or Dutch origin
 
spurious - 偽り, 擬似 Latin "spurius" (false, illegitimate 非嫡出子)  
allege, allegation - 陳述, (根拠のない)主張, 申し立て al = ad = to
leg = law
legal, privilege
stigma - 不名誉 stinct, sting = to prick, sting
罪人への焼印
sting, stick, distinguish, distinct, instinct, stimulate
empathy 共感, 同情 em = in
path = feeling, to suffer
passion, patient, compatible, pathos, antipathy, sympathy
buttress - 支え, 控え壁 Old French "boutrez" (plural of "bouter") buttress - Google Image Search
pervade - 隅々まで広まる per = through, thoroughly
vade = to go
invade
acclaim - 喝采 ac = ad = to
claim = to cry, shout
claim, exclamation mark
collusion - 共謀, 談合 col = com = with, together
lusion = to play
illusion, prelude
allude - ほのめかす, 言及 al = ad = to
lude = to play
prelude, collusion, illusion
equivocal - どっちつかず equi = equal
voc = voice, to call
どちらにも同じことを言う
vocal, vocabulary, vocation, provoke, revoke, advocate
unequivocal - 疑いの余地がない un = not
equi = equal
voc = voice, to call
「どちらにも同じことを言う」の否定
vocal, vocabulary, vocation, provoke, revoke, advocate
craven - 臆病 Old French "cravante" (defeated)?  
distraught - 錯乱状態 dis = apart
tract = to draw
Latin "distractus", influenced by cought, bought, brought?
distract, attract, contract, extract
deflect - 反れる, 反らす de = off, apart
flect = to bend
inflect, reflect, flexible
degenerate - 悪化した, 退化した de = down
gener = race, to produce
gene, general, generate, genesis, genius, gentle, pregnant, hydrogen
exemplary - 模範的, 賞賛に値する ex = out
em = to take
exmaple, exempt, prompt
discremination - 差別 dis = apart
crimin = space
隔てた空間をつくる
 
equation - 平衡状態, 方程式 equ = equal equal, equator, equivocal, unequivocal
summarize - 要約, 集約 sum = highest summit
throne - 王位, 王座, 便座 Old French "trone"
Latin "thronus"
 
参考文献
田代正雄著「語源中心英単語辞典」(南雲堂)
「新英和中辞典第4版」(研究社)
「プログレッシブ英和中辞典第4版」(小学館)
Online Etymology Dictionary
Dictionary and Thesaurus - Merriam-Webster Online
英語語源一覧 - 小原二三夫の部屋
語源辞典:スペースアルク
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Last updated May 26th, 2009.